Plate Tectonics
Notes Loading the Earth map data uses approximately 6MB of data. Users who are sensitive to mobile data usage should consider this before accessing the page. Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth’s surface … more
Earth Simulation
Putting together continental fragments using fossil tracks
🟤 Cynognathus 🟢 Glossopteris 🟠 Lystrosaurus 🟣 Mesosaurus Move the continents so that the fossil distributions connect into one continuous pattern. Can all the continents be joined together into a single landmass? Distribution of Fossils The … more
Seismic wave observation and the discovery of the outer core
Seismic Wave Observations and the Discovery of the Outer Core The process by which Earth’s internal structure—especially the existence of the outer core—was revealed through seismic wave observations is a major discovery in Earth science. When … more
Rock and Mineral Classification (AI Image Analysis)
Notes This program is a rock and mineral classification program utilizing artificial intelligence image analysis. When you take a photo of a rock on-site with a camera, the AI analyzes the image and identifies the types … more
Mercury Barometers on Different Planets
What would happen if you brought a mercury barometer to Earth, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and Mars? Here, we assume that the mercury barometer has a U-shaped tube: one side is open, and the other side … more
Density distribution in the atmosphere
Observe how the density distribution of the atmosphere changes as gravity (gravitational acceleration) is varied. The total kinetic energy of the air particles is assumed to be constant. Gravity is assumed to act uniformly, and no … more
Torricelli’s Experiment
Torricelli’s Experiment The first person to measure the magnitude of air pressure is Italian scientist Torricelli. He was filled with mercury (Hg) in a glass tube with one end blocked. And he stood upside down in … more
Drinks in a straw aren’t pulled, they’re pushed.
Drinks in a straw aren’t pulled, they’re pushed. When we say ‘straw,’ most people picture liquid being sucked upward. But scientifically, that’s not what happens. The liquid doesn’t rise because of suction; it rises because the … more
Pressure and Pressing Area
Pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area. When the same force is applied to two different surfaces, the pressure depends on the size of the area: the larger the area, the smaller the … more
Saturation Mixing Ratio
Water vapor in the air Liquid water can evaporate and turn into water vapor in the air. Conversely, water vapor in the air may turn back into the water. Some are very dry, with no moisture … more
Continental Drift (Continental Drift Theory)
Move the continents to create a connected supercontinent (Pangea).
Seismic Wave
Investigation inside the Earth The surest way to see what the Earth is like is to penetrate and see it yourself. However, there is a limit to penetration because the temperature and pressure rise as you … more